-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathexpressions.html
More file actions
8473 lines (8433 loc) · 905 KB
/
expressions.html
File metadata and controls
8473 lines (8433 loc) · 905 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="writer-html5" lang="en" >
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
<meta property="og:title" content="6. Expressions" />
<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Python documentation" />
<meta property="og:description" content="This chapter explains the meaning of the elements of expressions in Python. Syntax Notes: In this and the following chapters, extended BNF notation will be used to describe syntax, not lexical anal..." />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://docs.python.org/3/_static/og-image.png" />
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="Python documentation" />
<meta name="description" content="This chapter explains the meaning of the elements of expressions in Python. Syntax Notes: In this and the following chapters, extended BNF notation will be used to describe syntax, not lexical anal..." />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="200">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="200">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#3776ab">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<title>6. Expressions — Python 3.12.0a5 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/theme.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css_for_fork/py_rtd_fork.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/py.svg"/>
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="../_static/js/html5shiv.min.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
<script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
<script src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script>
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
title="Search within Python 3.12.0a5 documentation"
href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
<link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
<link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
<link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
<link rel="next" title="7. Simple statements" href="simple_stmts.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="5. The import system" href="import.html" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html" />
<style>
@media only screen {
table.full-width-table {
width: 100%;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body class="wy-body-for-nav">
<div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
<nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
<div class="wy-side-scroll">
<div class="wy-side-nav-search" >
<a href="../index.html" class="icon icon-home">
Python
</a>
<div class="version">
3.12
</div>
<div role="search">
<form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="../search.html" method="get">
<input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" aria-label="Search docs" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
</div>
</div><div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="Navigation menu">
<ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/index.html">What’s New in Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html">What’s New In Python 3.12</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#improved-error-messages">Improved Error Messages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#new-features">New Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#array">array</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#dis">dis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#fractions">fractions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#os-path">os.path</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#uuid">uuid</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#sys">sys</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#demos-and-tools">Demos and Tools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-13">Pending Removal in Python 3.13</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-14">Pending Removal in Python 3.14</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-future-versions">Pending Removal in Future Versions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#removed">Removed</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#porting-to-python-3-12">Porting to Python 3.12</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#id2">New Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#id3">Porting to Python 3.12</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#id4">Deprecated</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.12.html#id5">Removed</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html">What’s New In Python 3.11</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-657-fine-grained-error-locations-in-tracebacks">PEP 657: Fine-grained error locations in tracebacks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-654-exception-groups-and-except">PEP 654: Exception Groups and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except*</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-678-exceptions-can-be-enriched-with-notes">PEP 678: Exceptions can be enriched with notes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#windows-py-exe-launcher-improvements">Windows <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py.exe</span></code> launcher improvements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#new-features-related-to-type-hints">New Features Related to Type Hints</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-646-variadic-generics">PEP 646: Variadic generics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-655-marking-individual-typeddict-items-as-required-or-not-required">PEP 655: Marking individual <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> items as required or not-required</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-673-self-type">PEP 673: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Self</span></code> type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-675-arbitrary-literal-string-type">PEP 675: Arbitrary literal string type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-681-data-class-transforms">PEP 681: Data class transforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-563-may-not-be-the-future">PEP 563 may not be the future</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#other-cpython-implementation-changes">Other CPython Implementation Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#fcntl">fcntl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#fractions">fractions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-idle">IDLE and idlelib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#locale">locale</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#operator">operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#string">string</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#typing">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#venv">venv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#warnings">warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#faster-cpython">Faster CPython</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#faster-startup">Faster Startup</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#frozen-imports-static-code-objects">Frozen imports / Static code objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#faster-runtime">Faster Runtime</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#cheaper-lazy-python-frames">Cheaper, lazy Python frames</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#inlined-python-function-calls">Inlined Python function calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-659-specializing-adaptive-interpreter">PEP 659: Specializing Adaptive Interpreter</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#misc">Misc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#faq">FAQ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#about">About</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#new-opcodes">New opcodes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#replaced-opcodes">Replaced opcodes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#changed-removed-opcodes">Changed/removed opcodes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#language-builtins">Language/Builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#modules">Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#standard-library">Standard Library</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-12">Pending Removal in Python 3.12</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#removed">Removed</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#porting-to-python-3-11">Porting to Python 3.11</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-new-features">New Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-porting">Porting to Python 3.11</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-deprecated">Deprecated</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-pending-removal">Pending Removal in Python 3.12</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-removed">Removed</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html">What’s New In Python 3.10</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#parenthesized-context-managers">Parenthesized context managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#better-error-messages">Better error messages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#syntaxerrors">SyntaxErrors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#indentationerrors">IndentationErrors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#attributeerrors">AttributeErrors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#nameerrors">NameErrors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-626-precise-line-numbers-for-debugging-and-other-tools">PEP 626: Precise line numbers for debugging and other tools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-634-structural-pattern-matching">PEP 634: Structural Pattern Matching</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#syntax-and-operations">Syntax and operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#declarative-approach">Declarative approach</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#simple-pattern-match-to-a-literal">Simple pattern: match to a literal</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#behavior-without-the-wildcard">Behavior without the wildcard</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-with-a-literal-and-variable">Patterns with a literal and variable</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-and-classes">Patterns and classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-with-positional-parameters">Patterns with positional parameters</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#nested-patterns">Nested patterns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#complex-patterns-and-the-wildcard">Complex patterns and the wildcard</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#guard">Guard</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#other-key-features">Other Key Features</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#optional-encodingwarning-and-encoding-locale-option">Optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EncodingWarning</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encoding="locale"</span></code> option</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#new-features-related-to-type-hints">New Features Related to Type Hints</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-604-new-type-union-operator">PEP 604: New Type Union Operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-612-parameter-specification-variables">PEP 612: Parameter Specification Variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-613-typealias">PEP 613: TypeAlias</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-647-user-defined-type-guards">PEP 647: User-Defined Type Guards</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#array">array</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#asynchat-asyncore-smtpd">asynchat, asyncore, smtpd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#base64">base64</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#bdb">bdb</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#bisect">bisect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#codecs">codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#curses">curses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#slots">__slots__</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#keyword-only-fields">Keyword-only fields</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#encodings">encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#fileinput">fileinput</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#gc">gc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#glob">glob</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#importlib-metadata">importlib.metadata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#linecache">linecache</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#os-path">os.path</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#platform">platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#pyclbr">pyclbr</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#shelve">shelve</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#site">site</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#thread">_thread</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#types">types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#typing">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#xml">xml</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#zipimport">zipimport</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#removed">Removed</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#porting-to-python-3-10">Porting to Python 3.10</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-python-syntax">Changes in the Python syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-652-maintaining-the-stable-abi">PEP 652: Maintaining the Stable ABI</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#id1">New Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#id2">Porting to Python 3.10</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#id3">Deprecated</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.10.html#id4">Removed</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html">What’s New In Python 3.9</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#you-should-check-for-deprecationwarning-in-your-code">You should check for DeprecationWarning in your code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#dictionary-merge-update-operators">Dictionary Merge & Update Operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#new-string-methods-to-remove-prefixes-and-suffixes">New String Methods to Remove Prefixes and Suffixes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#type-hinting-generics-in-standard-collections">Type Hinting Generics in Standard Collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#new-parser">New Parser</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#zoneinfo">zoneinfo</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#graphlib">graphlib</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#ast">ast</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#compileall">compileall</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#curses">curses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#fcntl">fcntl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#ftplib">ftplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#gc">gc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#http">http</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#nntplib">nntplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#random">random</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#signal">signal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#typing">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#venv">venv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#xml">xml</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#removed">Removed</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#porting-to-python-3-9">Porting to Python 3.9</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#id1">New Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#id2">Porting to Python 3.9</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#id3">Removed</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-1">Notable changes in Python 3.9.1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#id4">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#macos-11-0-big-sur-and-apple-silicon-mac-support">macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-2">Notable changes in Python 3.9.2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.9.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html">What’s New In Python 3.8</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#assignment-expressions">Assignment expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#positional-only-parameters">Positional-only parameters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#parallel-filesystem-cache-for-compiled-bytecode-files">Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#debug-build-uses-the-same-abi-as-release-build">Debug build uses the same ABI as release build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#f-strings-support-for-self-documenting-expressions-and-debugging">f-strings support <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">=</span></code> for self-documenting expressions and debugging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-578-python-runtime-audit-hooks">PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-587-python-initialization-configuration">PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-590-vectorcall-a-fast-calling-protocol-for-cpython">PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle-protocol-5-with-out-of-band-data-buffers">Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#ast">ast</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#builtins">builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#cprofile">cProfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#csv">csv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#curses">curses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#ctypes">ctypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#gc">gc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#gettext">gettext</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#gzip">gzip</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#io">io</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#json-tool">json.tool</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#mmap">mmap</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#os-path">os.path</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#plistlib">plistlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#shlex">shlex</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#tokenize">tokenize</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#typing">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#venv">venv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#weakref">weakref</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#xml">xml</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#porting-to-python-3-8">Porting to Python 3.8</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#demos-and-tools">Demos and Tools</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-1">Notable changes in Python 3.8.1</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-8">Notable changes in Python 3.8.8</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-12">Notable changes in Python 3.8.12</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html">What’s New In Python 3.7</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-563-postponed-evaluation-of-annotations">PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-538-legacy-c-locale-coercion">PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-540-forced-utf-8-runtime-mode">PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-553-built-in-breakpoint">PEP 553: Built-in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">breakpoint()</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-539-new-c-api-for-thread-local-storage">PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-562-customization-of-access-to-module-attributes">PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-564-new-time-functions-with-nanosecond-resolution">PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-565-show-deprecationwarning-in-main">PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-560-core-support-for-typing-module-and-generic-types">PEP 560: Core Support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> module and Generic Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-552-hash-based-pyc-files">PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-545-python-documentation-translations">PEP 545: Python Documentation Translations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#python-development-mode-x-dev">Python Development Mode (-X dev)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#contextvars">contextvars</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib-resources">importlib.resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#binascii">binascii</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#calendar">calendar</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#compileall">compileall</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#cprofile">cProfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#crypt">crypt</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#decimal">decimal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#dis">dis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#gc">gc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#http-server">http.server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#io">io</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#locale">locale</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#mimetypes">mimetypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#msilib">msilib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#queue">queue</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#signal">signal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#string">string</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#types">types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#uu">uu</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#uuid">uuid</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#warnings">warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#xml-etree">xml.etree</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#xmlrpc-server">xmlrpc.server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#zipapp">zipapp</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#other-cpython-implementation-changes">Other CPython Implementation Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#aifc">aifc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#whatsnew37-asyncio-deprecated">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#id3">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#id4">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#id5">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#gettext">gettext</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#id6">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#id7">locale</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#macpath">macpath</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#id8">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#id9">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#sunau">sunau</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#id10">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#wave">wave</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#platform-support-removals">Platform Support Removals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#module-removals">Module Removals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#windows-only-changes">Windows-only Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#porting-to-python-3-7">Porting to Python 3.7</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#id12">Windows-only Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#id13">Other CPython implementation changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-1">Notable changes in Python 3.7.1</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-2">Notable changes in Python 3.7.2</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-6">Notable changes in Python 3.7.6</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-10">Notable changes in Python 3.7.10</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html">What’s New In Python 3.6</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals">PEP 498: Formatted string literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-526-syntax-for-variable-annotations">PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-515-underscores-in-numeric-literals">PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-525-asynchronous-generators">PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-530-asynchronous-comprehensions">PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-simpler-customization-of-class-creation">PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-descriptor-protocol-enhancements">PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-519-adding-a-file-system-path-protocol">PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-495-local-time-disambiguation">PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-529-change-windows-filesystem-encoding-to-utf-8">PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-528-change-windows-console-encoding-to-utf-8">PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-520-preserving-class-attribute-definition-order">PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-468-preserving-keyword-argument-order">PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#new-dict-implementation">New <span class="xref std std-ref">dict</span> implementation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-523-adding-a-frame-evaluation-api-to-cpython">PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pythonmalloc-environment-variable">PYTHONMALLOC environment variable</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#dtrace-and-systemtap-probing-support">DTrace and SystemTap probing support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#secrets">secrets</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#array">array</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#ast">ast</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#binascii">binascii</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#cmath">cmath</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#decimal">decimal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#email">email</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#encodings">encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#fileinput">fileinput</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#json">json</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pickletools">pickletools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#random">random</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#readline">readline</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#rlcompleter">rlcompleter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#shlex">shlex</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#site">site</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#struct">struct</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#telnetlib">telnetlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#timeit">timeit</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#typing">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-request">urllib.request</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-robotparser">urllib.robotparser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#venv">venv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#warnings">warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#winreg">winreg</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#winsound">winsound</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#xmlrpc-client">xmlrpc.client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#zlib">zlib</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#other-improvements">Other Improvements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#asynchat">asynchat</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncore">asyncore</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#id2">distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#grp">grp</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#id3">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#id4">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#id5">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#id6">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#id7">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#whatsnew36-venv">venv</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-build-options">Deprecated Build Options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#removed">Removed</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#porting-to-python-3-6">Porting to Python 3.6</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-python-command-behavior">Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-2">Notable changes in Python 3.6.2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> build target</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">touch</span></code> build target</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-4">Notable changes in Python 3.6.4</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-5">Notable changes in Python 3.6.5</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-7">Notable changes in Python 3.6.7</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-10">Notable changes in Python 3.6.10</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-13">Notable changes in Python 3.6.13</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html">What’s New In Python 3.5</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-492-coroutines-with-async-and-await-syntax">PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-465-a-dedicated-infix-operator-for-matrix-multiplication">PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-448-additional-unpacking-generalizations">PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-461-percent-formatting-support-for-bytes-and-bytearray">PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-484-type-hints">PEP 484 - Type Hints</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-471-os-scandir-function-a-better-and-faster-directory-iterator">PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-475-retry-system-calls-failing-with-eintr">PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-479-change-stopiteration-handling-inside-generators">PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-485-a-function-for-testing-approximate-equality">PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-486-make-the-python-launcher-aware-of-virtual-environments">PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-488-elimination-of-pyo-files">PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-489-multi-phase-extension-module-initialization">PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#typing">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#zipapp">zipapp</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#bz2">bz2</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#cgi">cgi</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#cmath">cmath</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#code">code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#compileall">compileall</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#configparser">configparser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#csv">csv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#curses">curses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#difflib">difflib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#email">email</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#glob">glob</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#gzip">gzip</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#heapq">heapq</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#http">http</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#imghdr">imghdr</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#io">io</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#json">json</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#linecache">linecache</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#locale">locale</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#lzma">lzma</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#operator">operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#readline">readline</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#selectors">selectors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#signal">signal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#sndhdr">sndhdr</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#ssl">ssl</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#memory-bio-support">Memory BIO Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#application-layer-protocol-negotiation-support">Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#other-changes">Other Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#timeit">timeit</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#types">types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#urllib">urllib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#wsgiref">wsgiref</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#xml-sax">xml.sax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#other-module-level-changes">Other module-level changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#unsupported-operating-systems">Unsupported Operating Systems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#removed">Removed</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#porting-to-python-3-5">Porting to Python 3.5</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-5-4">Notable changes in Python 3.5.4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> build target</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.5.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">touch</span></code> build target</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html">What’s New In Python 3.4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-453-explicit-bootstrapping-of-pip-in-python-installations">PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default">Bootstrapping pip By Default</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#documentation-changes">Documentation Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-446-newly-created-file-descriptors-are-non-inheritable">PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#improvements-to-codec-handling">Improvements to Codec Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-451-a-modulespec-type-for-the-import-system">PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#ensurepip">ensurepip</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#selectors">selectors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#abc">abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#aifc">aifc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#audioop">audioop</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#base64">base64</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#colorsys">colorsys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#dis">dis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#email">email</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#filecmp">filecmp</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#gc">gc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#glob">glob</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#html">html</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#http">http</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#marshal">marshal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#mmap">mmap</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#operator">operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#plistlib">plistlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#pty">pty</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#resource">resource</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#select">select</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#shelve">shelve</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#stat">stat</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#struct">struct</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../whatsnew/3.4.html#sunau">sunau</a></li>