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<!DOCTYPE html>
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Python
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/index.html">What’s New in Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html">What’s New In Python 3.12</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-657-fine-grained-error-locations-in-tracebacks">PEP 657: Fine-grained error locations in tracebacks</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-678-exceptions-can-be-enriched-with-notes">PEP 678: Exceptions can be enriched with notes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-673-self-type">PEP 673: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Self</span></code> type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-675-arbitrary-literal-string-type">PEP 675: Arbitrary literal string type</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-563-may-not-be-the-future">PEP 563 may not be the future</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-659-specializing-adaptive-interpreter">PEP 659: Specializing Adaptive Interpreter</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html">What’s New In Python 3.10</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#parenthesized-context-managers">Parenthesized context managers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-626-precise-line-numbers-for-debugging-and-other-tools">PEP 626: Precise line numbers for debugging and other tools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-634-structural-pattern-matching">PEP 634: Structural Pattern Matching</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-604-new-type-union-operator">PEP 604: New Type Union Operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-612-parameter-specification-variables">PEP 612: Parameter Specification Variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-613-typealias">PEP 613: TypeAlias</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-647-user-defined-type-guards">PEP 647: User-Defined Type Guards</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#asynchat-asyncore-smtpd">asynchat, asyncore, smtpd</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#importlib-metadata">importlib.metadata</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-652-maintaining-the-stable-abi">PEP 652: Maintaining the Stable ABI</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#id2">Porting to Python 3.10</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#id4">Removed</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html">What’s New In Python 3.9</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#you-should-check-for-deprecationwarning-in-your-code">You should check for DeprecationWarning in your code</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#new-string-methods-to-remove-prefixes-and-suffixes">New String Methods to Remove Prefixes and Suffixes</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#ast">ast</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#ftplib">ftplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#gc">gc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#http">http</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#typing">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#venv">venv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#xml">xml</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#removed">Removed</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#porting-to-python-3-9">Porting to Python 3.9</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id1">New Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id2">Porting to Python 3.9</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id3">Removed</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-1">Notable changes in Python 3.9.1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id4">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#macos-11-0-big-sur-and-apple-silicon-mac-support">macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-2">Notable changes in Python 3.9.2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html">What’s New In Python 3.8</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#assignment-expressions">Assignment expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#positional-only-parameters">Positional-only parameters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#parallel-filesystem-cache-for-compiled-bytecode-files">Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#debug-build-uses-the-same-abi-as-release-build">Debug build uses the same ABI as release build</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#f-strings-support-for-self-documenting-expressions-and-debugging">f-strings support <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">=</span></code> for self-documenting expressions and debugging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-578-python-runtime-audit-hooks">PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-587-python-initialization-configuration">PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-590-vectorcall-a-fast-calling-protocol-for-cpython">PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle-protocol-5-with-out-of-band-data-buffers">Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#ast">ast</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#builtins">builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#cprofile">cProfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#csv">csv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#curses">curses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#ctypes">ctypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#gc">gc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#gettext">gettext</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#gzip">gzip</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#io">io</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#json-tool">json.tool</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#mmap">mmap</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#os-path">os.path</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#plistlib">plistlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#shlex">shlex</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#tokenize">tokenize</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#typing">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#venv">venv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#weakref">weakref</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#xml">xml</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#porting-to-python-3-8">Porting to Python 3.8</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#demos-and-tools">Demos and Tools</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-1">Notable changes in Python 3.8.1</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-8">Notable changes in Python 3.8.8</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-12">Notable changes in Python 3.8.12</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html">What’s New In Python 3.7</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-563-postponed-evaluation-of-annotations">PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-538-legacy-c-locale-coercion">PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-540-forced-utf-8-runtime-mode">PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-553-built-in-breakpoint">PEP 553: Built-in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">breakpoint()</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-539-new-c-api-for-thread-local-storage">PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-562-customization-of-access-to-module-attributes">PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-564-new-time-functions-with-nanosecond-resolution">PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-565-show-deprecationwarning-in-main">PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-560-core-support-for-typing-module-and-generic-types">PEP 560: Core Support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> module and Generic Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-552-hash-based-pyc-files">PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-545-python-documentation-translations">PEP 545: Python Documentation Translations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#python-development-mode-x-dev">Python Development Mode (-X dev)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#contextvars">contextvars</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib-resources">importlib.resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#binascii">binascii</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#calendar">calendar</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#compileall">compileall</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#cprofile">cProfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#crypt">crypt</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#decimal">decimal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#dis">dis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#gc">gc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#http-server">http.server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#io">io</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#locale">locale</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#mimetypes">mimetypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#msilib">msilib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#queue">queue</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#signal">signal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#string">string</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#types">types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#uu">uu</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#uuid">uuid</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#warnings">warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#xml-etree">xml.etree</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#xmlrpc-server">xmlrpc.server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#zipapp">zipapp</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#other-cpython-implementation-changes">Other CPython Implementation Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#aifc">aifc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#whatsnew37-asyncio-deprecated">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id3">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id4">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id5">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#gettext">gettext</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id6">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id7">locale</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#macpath">macpath</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id8">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id9">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#sunau">sunau</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id10">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#wave">wave</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#platform-support-removals">Platform Support Removals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#module-removals">Module Removals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#windows-only-changes">Windows-only Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#porting-to-python-3-7">Porting to Python 3.7</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id12">Windows-only Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id13">Other CPython implementation changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-1">Notable changes in Python 3.7.1</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-2">Notable changes in Python 3.7.2</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-6">Notable changes in Python 3.7.6</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-10">Notable changes in Python 3.7.10</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html">What’s New In Python 3.6</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals">PEP 498: Formatted string literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-526-syntax-for-variable-annotations">PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-515-underscores-in-numeric-literals">PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-525-asynchronous-generators">PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-530-asynchronous-comprehensions">PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-simpler-customization-of-class-creation">PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-descriptor-protocol-enhancements">PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-519-adding-a-file-system-path-protocol">PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-495-local-time-disambiguation">PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-529-change-windows-filesystem-encoding-to-utf-8">PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-528-change-windows-console-encoding-to-utf-8">PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-520-preserving-class-attribute-definition-order">PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-468-preserving-keyword-argument-order">PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-dict-implementation">New <span class="xref std std-ref">dict</span> implementation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-523-adding-a-frame-evaluation-api-to-cpython">PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pythonmalloc-environment-variable">PYTHONMALLOC environment variable</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#dtrace-and-systemtap-probing-support">DTrace and SystemTap probing support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#secrets">secrets</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#array">array</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#ast">ast</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#binascii">binascii</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#cmath">cmath</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#decimal">decimal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#email">email</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#encodings">encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#fileinput">fileinput</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#json">json</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pickletools">pickletools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#random">random</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#readline">readline</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#rlcompleter">rlcompleter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#shlex">shlex</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#site">site</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#struct">struct</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#telnetlib">telnetlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#timeit">timeit</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#typing">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-request">urllib.request</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-robotparser">urllib.robotparser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#venv">venv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#warnings">warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#winreg">winreg</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#winsound">winsound</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#xmlrpc-client">xmlrpc.client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#zlib">zlib</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#other-improvements">Other Improvements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#asynchat">asynchat</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncore">asyncore</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id2">distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#grp">grp</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id3">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id4">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id5">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id6">ssl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id7">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#whatsnew36-venv">venv</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-build-options">Deprecated Build Options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#removed">Removed</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#porting-to-python-3-6">Porting to Python 3.6</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-python-command-behavior">Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-2">Notable changes in Python 3.6.2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> build target</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">touch</span></code> build target</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-4">Notable changes in Python 3.6.4</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-5">Notable changes in Python 3.6.5</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-7">Notable changes in Python 3.6.7</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-10">Notable changes in Python 3.6.10</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-13">Notable changes in Python 3.6.13</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html">What’s New In Python 3.5</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-492-coroutines-with-async-and-await-syntax">PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-465-a-dedicated-infix-operator-for-matrix-multiplication">PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-448-additional-unpacking-generalizations">PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-461-percent-formatting-support-for-bytes-and-bytearray">PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-484-type-hints">PEP 484 - Type Hints</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-471-os-scandir-function-a-better-and-faster-directory-iterator">PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-475-retry-system-calls-failing-with-eintr">PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-479-change-stopiteration-handling-inside-generators">PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-485-a-function-for-testing-approximate-equality">PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-486-make-the-python-launcher-aware-of-virtual-environments">PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-488-elimination-of-pyo-files">PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-489-multi-phase-extension-module-initialization">PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#typing">typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#zipapp">zipapp</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#bz2">bz2</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#cgi">cgi</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#cmath">cmath</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#code">code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#compileall">compileall</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#configparser">configparser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#csv">csv</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#curses">curses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#difflib">difflib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#email">email</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#glob">glob</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#gzip">gzip</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#heapq">heapq</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#http">http</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#imghdr">imghdr</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#io">io</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#json">json</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#linecache">linecache</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#locale">locale</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#lzma">lzma</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#math">math</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#operator">operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#readline">readline</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#selectors">selectors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#signal">signal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sndhdr">sndhdr</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#socket">socket</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#ssl">ssl</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#memory-bio-support">Memory BIO Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#application-layer-protocol-negotiation-support">Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-changes">Other Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sys">sys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#time">time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#timeit">timeit</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#types">types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#urllib">urllib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#wsgiref">wsgiref</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#xml-sax">xml.sax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-module-level-changes">Other module-level changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python Behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unsupported-operating-systems">Unsupported Operating Systems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#removed">Removed</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#porting-to-python-3-5">Porting to Python 3.5</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-5-4">Notable changes in Python 3.5.4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> build target</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">touch</span></code> build target</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html">What’s New In Python 3.4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-453-explicit-bootstrapping-of-pip-in-python-installations">PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default">Bootstrapping pip By Default</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#documentation-changes">Documentation Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-446-newly-created-file-descriptors-are-non-inheritable">PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#improvements-to-codec-handling">Improvements to Codec Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-451-a-modulespec-type-for-the-import-system">PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#ensurepip">ensurepip</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#enum">enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#selectors">selectors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#abc">abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#aifc">aifc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#audioop">audioop</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#base64">base64</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#colorsys">colorsys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#dis">dis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#email">email</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#filecmp">filecmp</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#gc">gc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#glob">glob</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#html">html</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#http">http</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#logging">logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#marshal">marshal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#mmap">mmap</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#operator">operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#os">os</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#plistlib">plistlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pty">pty</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#re">re</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#resource">resource</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#select">select</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#shelve">shelve</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>
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