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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Pyplot tutorial</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#intro-to-pyplot">Intro to pyplot</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#formatting-the-style-of-your-plot">Formatting the style of your plot</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#plotting-with-keyword-strings">Plotting with keyword strings</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#controlling-line-properties">Controlling line properties</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#working-with-multiple-figures-and-axes">Working with multiple figures and axes</a></li>
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<div class="sphx-glr-download-link-note admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<div class="sphx-glr-example-title section" id="pyplot-tutorial">
<span id="sphx-glr-tutorials-introductory-pyplot-py"></span><h1>Pyplot tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#pyplot-tutorial" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>An introduction to the pyplot interface.</p>
<div class="section" id="intro-to-pyplot">
<h2>Intro to pyplot<a class="headerlink" href="#intro-to-pyplot" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.html#module-matplotlib.pyplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.pyplot</span></code></a> is a collection of command style functions
that make matplotlib work like MATLAB.
Each <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyplot</span></code> function makes
some change to a figure: e.g., creates a figure, creates a plotting area
in a figure, plots some lines in a plotting area, decorates the plot
with labels, etc.</p>
<p>In <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.html#module-matplotlib.pyplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.pyplot</span></code></a> various states are preserved
across function calls, so that it keeps track of things like
the current figure and plotting area, and the plotting
functions are directed to the current axes (please note that "axes" here
and in most places in the documentation refers to the <em>axes</em>
<a class="reference internal" href="usage.html#figure-parts"><span class="std std-ref">part of a figure</span></a>
and not the strict mathematical term for more than one axis).</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">the pyplot API is generally less-flexible than the object-oriented API.
Most of the function calls you see here can also be called as methods
from an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Axes</span></code> object. We recommend browsing the tutorials and
examples to see how this works.</p>
</div>
<p>Generating visualizations with pyplot is very quick:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'some numbers'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img alt="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_001.png" class="sphx-glr-single-img" src="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_001.png" />
<p>You may be wondering why the x-axis ranges from 0-3 and the y-axis
from 1-4. If you provide a single list or array to the
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plot()</span></code></a> command, matplotlib assumes it is a
sequence of y values, and automatically generates the x values for
you. Since python ranges start with 0, the default x vector has the
same length as y but starts with 0. Hence the x data are
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[0,</span> <span class="pre">1,</span> <span class="pre">2,</span> <span class="pre">3]</span></code>.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plot()</span></code></a> is a versatile command, and will take
an arbitrary number of arguments. For example, to plot x versus y,
you can issue the command:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img alt="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_002.png" class="sphx-glr-single-img" src="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_002.png" />
<p class="sphx-glr-script-out">Out:</p>
<div class="sphx-glr-script-out highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x7fdbbc28b2b0>]
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="formatting-the-style-of-your-plot">
<h3>Formatting the style of your plot<a class="headerlink" href="#formatting-the-style-of-your-plot" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>For every x, y pair of arguments, there is an optional third argument
which is the format string that indicates the color and line type of
the plot. The letters and symbols of the format string are from
MATLAB, and you concatenate a color string with a line style string.
The default format string is 'b-', which is a solid blue line. For
example, to plot the above with red circles, you would issue</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s1">'ro'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.axis.html#matplotlib.pyplot.axis" title="matplotlib.pyplot.axis" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">axis</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img alt="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_003.png" class="sphx-glr-single-img" src="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_003.png" />
<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plot()</span></code></a> documentation for a complete
list of line styles and format strings. The
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.axis.html#matplotlib.pyplot.axis" title="matplotlib.pyplot.axis"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">axis()</span></code></a> command in the example above takes a
list of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[xmin,</span> <span class="pre">xmax,</span> <span class="pre">ymin,</span> <span class="pre">ymax]</span></code> and specifies the viewport of the
axes.</p>
<p>If matplotlib were limited to working with lists, it would be fairly
useless for numeric processing. Generally, you will use <a class="reference external" href="http://www.numpy.org">numpy</a> arrays. In fact, all sequences are
converted to numpy arrays internally. The example below illustrates
plotting several lines with different format styles in one command
using arrays.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="c1"># evenly sampled time at 200ms intervals</span>
<a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">5.</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># red dashes, blue squares and green triangles</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'r--'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'bs'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'g^'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img alt="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_004.png" class="sphx-glr-single-img" src="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_004.png" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="plotting-with-keyword-strings">
<span id="plotting-with-keywords"></span><h2>Plotting with keyword strings<a class="headerlink" href="#plotting-with-keyword-strings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are some instances where you have data in a format that lets you
access particular variables with strings. For example, with
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.recarray.html#numpy.recarray" title="(in NumPy v1.17)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.recarray</span></code></a> or <a class="reference external" href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html#pandas.DataFrame" title="(in pandas v1.0.3)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pandas.DataFrame</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>Matplotlib allows you provide such an object with
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data</span></code> keyword argument. If provided, then you may generate plots with
the strings corresponding to these variables.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s1">'c'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s1">'d'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)}</span>
<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'b'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'d'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">abs</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'d'</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">100</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.scatter.html#matplotlib.pyplot.scatter" title="matplotlib.pyplot.scatter" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scatter</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'b'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'c'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">s</span></a><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'d'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="o">=</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="builtins.dict" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">data</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'entry a'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'entry b'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img alt="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_005.png" class="sphx-glr-single-img" src="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_005.png" />
</div>
<div class="section" id="plotting-with-categorical-variables">
<span id="plotting-with-categorical-vars"></span><h2>Plotting with categorical variables<a class="headerlink" href="#plotting-with-categorical-variables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>It is also possible to create a plot using categorical variables.
Matplotlib allows you to pass categorical variables directly to
many plotting functions. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">names</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'group_a'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'group_b'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'group_c'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">values</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">]</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">figsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">))</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">131</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.bar.html#matplotlib.pyplot.bar" title="matplotlib.pyplot.bar" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">names</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">values</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">132</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.scatter.html#matplotlib.pyplot.scatter" title="matplotlib.pyplot.scatter" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scatter</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">names</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">values</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">133</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">names</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" title="builtins.list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">values</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.suptitle.html#matplotlib.pyplot.suptitle" title="matplotlib.pyplot.suptitle" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">suptitle</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Categorical Plotting'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img alt="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_006.png" class="sphx-glr-single-img" src="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_006.png" />
</div>
<div class="section" id="controlling-line-properties">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>Controlling line properties<a class="headerlink" href="#controlling-line-properties" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Lines have many attributes that you can set: linewidth, dash style,
antialiased, etc; see <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D" title="matplotlib.lines.Line2D"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.lines.Line2D</span></code></a>. There are
several ways to set line properties</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">Use keyword args:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">linewidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Use the setter methods of a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Line2D</span></code> instance. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plot</span></code> returns a list
of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Line2D</span></code> objects; e.g., <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">line1,</span> <span class="pre">line2</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">plot(x1,</span> <span class="pre">y1,</span> <span class="pre">x2,</span> <span class="pre">y2)</span></code>. In the code
below we will suppose that we have only
one line so that the list returned is of length 1. We use tuple unpacking with
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">line,</span></code> to get the first element of that list:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D" title="matplotlib.lines.Line2D" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-lines sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">line</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'-'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D" title="matplotlib.lines.Line2D" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-lines sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">line</span></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_antialiased</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># turn off antialiasing</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Use the <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.setp.html#matplotlib.pyplot.setp" title="matplotlib.pyplot.setp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setp()</span></code></a> command. The example below
uses a MATLAB-style command to set multiple properties
on a list of lines. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setp</span></code> works transparently with a list of objects
or a single object. You can either use python keyword arguments or
MATLAB-style string/value pairs:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">lines</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># use keyword args</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'r'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">linewidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># or MATLAB style string value pairs</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'color'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'r'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'linewidth'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Here are the available <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D" title="matplotlib.lines.Line2D"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Line2D</span></code></a> properties.</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col width="24%" />
<col width="76%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Property</th>
<th class="head">Value Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>alpha</td>
<td>float</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>animated</td>
<td>[True | False]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>antialiased or aa</td>
<td>[True | False]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>clip_box</td>
<td>a matplotlib.transform.Bbox instance</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>clip_on</td>
<td>[True | False]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>clip_path</td>
<td>a Path instance and a Transform instance, a Patch</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>color or c</td>
<td>any matplotlib color</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>contains</td>
<td>the hit testing function</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>dash_capstyle</td>
<td>[<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'butt'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'round'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'projecting'</span></code>]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>dash_joinstyle</td>
<td>[<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'miter'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'round'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bevel'</span></code>]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>dashes</td>
<td>sequence of on/off ink in points</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>data</td>
<td>(np.array xdata, np.array ydata)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>figure</td>
<td>a matplotlib.figure.Figure instance</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>label</td>
<td>any string</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>linestyle or ls</td>
<td>[ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'--'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-.'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">':'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'steps'</span></code> | ...]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>linewidth or lw</td>
<td>float value in points</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>marker</td>
<td>[ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'+'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">','</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'.'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'1'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'3'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'4'</span></code> ]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>markeredgecolor or mec</td>
<td>any matplotlib color</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>markeredgewidth or mew</td>
<td>float value in points</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>markerfacecolor or mfc</td>
<td>any matplotlib color</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>markersize or ms</td>
<td>float</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>markevery</td>
<td>[ None | integer | (startind, stride) ]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>picker</td>
<td>used in interactive line selection</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>pickradius</td>
<td>the line pick selection radius</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>solid_capstyle</td>
<td>[<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'butt'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'round'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'projecting'</span></code>]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>solid_joinstyle</td>
<td>[<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'miter'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'round'</span></code> | <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bevel'</span></code>]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>transform</td>
<td>a matplotlib.transforms.Transform instance</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>visible</td>
<td>[True | False]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>xdata</td>
<td>np.array</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>ydata</td>
<td>np.array</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>zorder</td>
<td>any number</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>To get a list of settable line properties, call the
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.setp.html#matplotlib.pyplot.setp" title="matplotlib.pyplot.setp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setp()</span></code></a> function with a line or lines
as argument</p>
<div class="highlight-ipython notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">In [69]: </span><span class="n">lines</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="gp">In [70]: </span><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"> alpha: float</span>
<span class="go"> animated: [True | False]</span>
<span class="go"> antialiased or aa: [True | False]</span>
<span class="go"> ...snip</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="working-with-multiple-figures-and-axes">
<span id="multiple-figs-axes"></span><h2>Working with multiple figures and axes<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-multiple-figures-and-axes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>MATLAB, and <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.html#module-matplotlib.pyplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyplot</span></code></a>, have the concept of the current
figure and the current axes. All plotting commands apply to the
current axes. The function <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.gca.html#matplotlib.pyplot.gca" title="matplotlib.pyplot.gca"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gca()</span></code></a> returns the
current axes (a <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/axes_api.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes" title="matplotlib.axes.Axes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.axes.Axes</span></code></a> instance), and
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.gcf.html#matplotlib.pyplot.gcf" title="matplotlib.pyplot.gcf"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gcf()</span></code></a> returns the current figure
(<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.figure.Figure.html#matplotlib.figure.Figure" title="matplotlib.figure.Figure"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.figure.Figure</span></code></a> instance). Normally, you don't have
to worry about this, because it is all taken care of behind the
scenes. Below is a script to create two subplots.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.exp.html#numpy.exp" title="numpy.exp" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-data"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exp</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.cos.html#numpy.cos" title="numpy.cos" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-data"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cos</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float" title="builtins.float" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span></a><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t1</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">5.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t2</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">5.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.02</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">211</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t1</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t1</span></a><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'bo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t2</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t2</span></a><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'k'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">212</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t2</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.cos.html#numpy.cos" title="numpy.cos" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-data"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cos</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float" title="builtins.float" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span></a><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t2</span></a><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'r--'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img alt="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_007.png" class="sphx-glr-single-img" src="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_007.png" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">figure()</span></code></a> command here is optional because
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">figure(1)</span></code> will be created by default, just as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subplot(111)</span></code>
will be created by default if you don't manually specify any axes. The
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subplot()</span></code></a> command specifies <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numrows,</span>
<span class="pre">numcols,</span> <span class="pre">plot_number</span></code> where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plot_number</span></code> ranges from 1 to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numrows*numcols</span></code>. The commas in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subplot</span></code> command are
optional if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numrows*numcols<10</span></code>. So <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subplot(211)</span></code> is identical
to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subplot(2,</span> <span class="pre">1,</span> <span class="pre">1)</span></code>.</p>
<p>You can create an arbitrary number of subplots
and axes. If you want to place an axes manually, i.e., not on a
rectangular grid, use the <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.axes.html#matplotlib.pyplot.axes" title="matplotlib.pyplot.axes"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">axes()</span></code></a> command,
which allows you to specify the location as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">axes([left,</span> <span class="pre">bottom,</span>
<span class="pre">width,</span> <span class="pre">height])</span></code> where all values are in fractional (0 to 1)
coordinates. See <a class="reference internal" href="../../gallery/subplots_axes_and_figures/axes_demo.html"><span class="doc">Axes Demo</span></a> for an example of
placing axes manually and <a class="reference internal" href="../../gallery/subplots_axes_and_figures/subplot_demo.html"><span class="doc">Basic Subplot Demo</span></a> for an
example with lots of subplots.</p>
<p>You can create multiple figures by using multiple
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">figure()</span></code></a> calls with an increasing figure
number. Of course, each figure can contain as many axes and subplots
as your heart desires:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># the first figure</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">211</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># the first subplot in the first figure</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">212</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># the second subplot in the first figure</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># a second figure</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="c1"># creates a subplot(111) by default</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># figure 1 current; subplot(212) still current</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">211</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># make subplot(211) in figure1 current</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Easy as 1, 2, 3'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># subplot 211 title</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can clear the current figure with <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.clf.html#matplotlib.pyplot.clf" title="matplotlib.pyplot.clf"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clf()</span></code></a>
and the current axes with <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.cla.html#matplotlib.pyplot.cla" title="matplotlib.pyplot.cla"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cla()</span></code></a>. If you find
it annoying that states (specifically the current image, figure and axes)
are being maintained for you behind the scenes, don't despair: this is just a thin
stateful wrapper around an object oriented API, which you can use
instead (see <a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/artists.html"><span class="doc">Artist tutorial</span></a>)</p>
<p>If you are making lots of figures, you need to be aware of one
more thing: the memory required for a figure is not completely
released until the figure is explicitly closed with
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.close.html#matplotlib.pyplot.close" title="matplotlib.pyplot.close"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">close()</span></code></a>. Deleting all references to the
figure, and/or using the window manager to kill the window in which
the figure appears on the screen, is not enough, because pyplot
maintains internal references until <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.close.html#matplotlib.pyplot.close" title="matplotlib.pyplot.close"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">close()</span></code></a>
is called.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="working-with-text">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>Working with text<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-text" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.text.html#matplotlib.pyplot.text" title="matplotlib.pyplot.text"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text()</span></code></a> command can be used to add text in
an arbitrary location, and the <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xlabel()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ylabel()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">title()</span></code></a>
are used to add text in the indicated locations (see <a class="reference internal" href="../text/text_intro.html"><span class="doc">Text in Matplotlib Plots</span></a>
for a more detailed example)</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">mu</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">sigma</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">15</span>
<a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">mu</span></a> <span class="o">+</span> <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="builtins.int" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">sigma</span></a> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># the histogram of the data</span>
<a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">n</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">bins</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="../../api/cbook_api.html#matplotlib.cbook.silent_list" title="matplotlib.cbook.silent_list" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-cbook sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">patches</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.hist.html#matplotlib.pyplot.hist" title="matplotlib.pyplot.hist" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hist</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">density</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">facecolor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'g'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">alpha</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.75</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Smarts'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.ylabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Probability'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Histogram of IQ'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.text.html#matplotlib.pyplot.text" title="matplotlib.pyplot.text" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">025</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">'$\mu=100,\ \sigma=15$'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.axis.html#matplotlib.pyplot.axis" title="matplotlib.pyplot.axis" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">axis</span></a><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">160</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.03</span><span class="p">])</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.grid.html#matplotlib.pyplot.grid" title="matplotlib.pyplot.grid" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img alt="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_008.png" class="sphx-glr-single-img" src="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_008.png" />
<p>All of the <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.text.html#matplotlib.pyplot.text" title="matplotlib.pyplot.text"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text()</span></code></a> commands return an
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/text_api.html#matplotlib.text.Text" title="matplotlib.text.Text"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.text.Text</span></code></a> instance. Just as with with lines
above, you can customize the properties by passing keyword arguments
into the text functions or using <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.setp.html#matplotlib.pyplot.setp" title="matplotlib.pyplot.setp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setp()</span></code></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel.html#matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" title="matplotlib.pyplot.xlabel" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlabel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'my data'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fontsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">14</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'red'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>These properties are covered in more detail in <a class="reference internal" href="../text/text_props.html"><span class="doc">Text properties and layout</span></a>.</p>
<div class="section" id="using-mathematical-expressions-in-text">
<h3>Using mathematical expressions in text<a class="headerlink" href="#using-mathematical-expressions-in-text" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>matplotlib accepts TeX equation expressions in any text expression.
For example to write the expression <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(\sigma_i=15\)</span> in the title,
you can write a TeX expression surrounded by dollar signs:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">'$\sigma_i=15$'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r</span></code> preceding the title string is important -- it signifies
that the string is a <em>raw</em> string and not to treat backslashes as
python escapes. matplotlib has a built-in TeX expression parser and
layout engine, and ships its own math fonts -- for details see
<a class="reference internal" href="../text/mathtext.html"><span class="doc">Writing mathematical expressions</span></a>. Thus you can use mathematical text across platforms
without requiring a TeX installation. For those who have LaTeX and
dvipng installed, you can also use LaTeX to format your text and
incorporate the output directly into your display figures or saved
postscript -- see <a class="reference internal" href="../text/usetex.html"><span class="doc">Text rendering With LaTeX</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="annotating-text">
<h3>Annotating text<a class="headerlink" href="#annotating-text" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The uses of the basic <a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.text.html#matplotlib.pyplot.text" title="matplotlib.pyplot.text"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text()</span></code></a> command above
place text at an arbitrary position on the Axes. A common use for
text is to annotate some feature of the plot, and the
<a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.annotate.html#matplotlib.pyplot.annotate" title="matplotlib.pyplot.annotate"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">annotate()</span></code></a> method provides helper
functionality to make annotations easy. In an annotation, there are
two points to consider: the location being annotated represented by
the argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xy</span></code> and the location of the text <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xytext</span></code>. Both of
these arguments are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></code> tuples.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">ax</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">111</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">5.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.01</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">s</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.cos.html#numpy.cos" title="numpy.cos" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-data"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cos</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float" title="builtins.float" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-builtins sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span></a><span class="o">*</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D" title="matplotlib.lines.Line2D" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-lines sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">line</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">t</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">s</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lw</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.annotate.html#matplotlib.pyplot.annotate" title="matplotlib.pyplot.annotate" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'local max'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">xy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">xytext</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1.5</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">arrowprops</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">facecolor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'black'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">shrink</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.05</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.ylim.html#matplotlib.pyplot.ylim" title="matplotlib.pyplot.ylim" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylim</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img alt="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_009.png" class="sphx-glr-single-img" src="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_009.png" />
<p>In this basic example, both the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xy</span></code> (arrow tip) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xytext</span></code>
locations (text location) are in data coordinates. There are a
variety of other coordinate systems one can choose -- see
<a class="reference internal" href="../text/annotations.html#annotations-tutorial"><span class="std std-ref">Basic annotation</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../text/annotations.html#plotting-guide-annotation"><span class="std std-ref">Advanced Annotations</span></a> for
details. More examples can be found in
<a class="reference internal" href="../../gallery/text_labels_and_annotations/annotation_demo.html"><span class="doc">Annotating Plots</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="logarithmic-and-other-nonlinear-axes">
<h2>Logarithmic and other nonlinear axes<a class="headerlink" href="#logarithmic-and-other-nonlinear-axes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.html#module-matplotlib.pyplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.pyplot</span></code></a> supports not only linear axis scales, but also
logarithmic and logit scales. This is commonly used if data spans many orders
of magnitude. Changing the scale of an axis is easy:</p>
<blockquote>
<div>plt.xscale('log')</div></blockquote>
<p>An example of four plots with the same data and different scales for the y axis
is shown below.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.ticker</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">NullFormatter</span> <span class="c1"># useful for `logit` scale</span>
<span class="c1"># Fixing random state for reproducibility</span>
<span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">19680801</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># make up some data in the open interval (0, 1)</span>
<a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">normal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scale</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">[(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&</span> <span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">()</span>
<a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="numpy.arange" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1"># plot with various axes scales</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.figure.html#matplotlib.pyplot.figure" title="matplotlib.pyplot.figure" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># linear</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">221</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.yscale.html#matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" title="matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">yscale</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'linear'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'linear'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.grid.html#matplotlib.pyplot.grid" title="matplotlib.pyplot.grid" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># log</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">222</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.yscale.html#matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" title="matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">yscale</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'log'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'log'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.grid.html#matplotlib.pyplot.grid" title="matplotlib.pyplot.grid" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># symmetric log</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">223</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a> <span class="o">-</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">())</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.yscale.html#matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" title="matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">yscale</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'symlog'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">linthreshy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.01</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'symlog'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.grid.html#matplotlib.pyplot.grid" title="matplotlib.pyplot.grid" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># logit</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot" title="matplotlib.pyplot.plot" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">x</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.html#numpy.ndarray" title="numpy.ndarray" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-numpy sphx-glr-backref-type-py-class sphx-glr-backref-instance"><span class="n">y</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.yscale.html#matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" title="matplotlib.pyplot.yscale" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">yscale</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'logit'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="matplotlib.pyplot.title" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'logit'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.grid.html#matplotlib.pyplot.grid" title="matplotlib.pyplot.grid" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Adjust the subplot layout, because the logit one may take more space</span>
<span class="c1"># than usual, due to y-tick labels like "1 - 10^{-3}"</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust" title="matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplots_adjust</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">top</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.92</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bottom</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.08</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">left</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">right</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.95</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">hspace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.25</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">wspace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.35</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="../../api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.show.html#matplotlib.pyplot.show" title="matplotlib.pyplot.show" class="sphx-glr-backref-module-matplotlib-pyplot sphx-glr-backref-type-py-function"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span></a><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img alt="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_010.png" class="sphx-glr-single-img" src="../../_images/sphx_glr_pyplot_010.png" />
<p>It is also possible to add your own scale, see <a class="reference internal" href="../../devel/add_new_projection.html#adding-new-scales"><span class="std std-ref">Developer's guide for creating scales and transformations</span></a> for
details.</p>
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